UPSC Current Affairs 18 May 2026- Comprehensive daily current affairs digest covering 10 key news items from 17-18 May 2026, organized by GS papers with Mains practice questions, MCQs, Mermaid diagrams, and expert analysis.
Thank you for reading this post, don't forget to subscribe!1. Supreme Court Judge Strength Increased via Ordinance
Why in News?
President Droupadi Murmu promulgated the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Ordinance, 2026 on 16 May 2026, increasing the sanctioned strength of Supreme Court judges from 34 to 38, including the Chief Justice of India.
– President Murmu promulgated the ordinance under Article 123 of the Constitution on 16 May 2026, amending Section 2 of the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 (The Hindu, 17 May 2026)
– Sanctioned strength rises from 34 to 38 (CJI + 37 judges), with the ordinance replacing the word ‘thirty-three’ with ‘thirty-seven’ in the Act
– The Cabinet had approved the proposal nearly two weeks earlier; this is the first increase in six years since the 2019 amendment
– Current backlog in the Supreme Court is over 93,000 cases, threatening to reach six figures
– Three more judges — Justices J.K. Maheshwari, Pankaj Mithal (June 2026), and Sanjay Karol (August 2026) — are scheduled to retire in 2026
– Article 124(1) of the Constitution provides that the Supreme Court shall consist of a CJI and such other judges as Parliament may by law prescribe
– The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 was originally enacted with 10 judges (excluding CJI), increased to 13 in 1960, 17 in 1986, 25 in 1986, 30 in 2009, and 33 in 2019
– The current vacancies include Justice B.R. Gavai (retired November 2025) and Justice Rajesh Bindal (retired April 2026)
– The ordinance will lapse if not approved by Parliament within six weeks of reassembly, per Article 123
The increase in Supreme Court strength must be seen in the context of the pendency crisis. With over 93,000 cases pending and the court heading into summer recess, this is a structural response to a systemic problem. Critically, this is only the seventh time since 1950 that the Court’s strength has been expanded. However, merely increasing numbers without improving judicial infrastructure, case management systems, and appointment timelines may not yield proportionate results. The delay in filling existing vacancies — two positions have remained unfilled for months — also raises questions about the efficiency of the collegium system. Aspirants must note that judicial appointments and the Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) remain a live issue between the executive and judiciary.
flowchart TD A[Pendency Crisis: 93,000+ cases] --> B[Cabinet Approves Increase] B --> C[President Promulgates Ordinance under Art. 123] C --> D[SC Strength: 34 to 38 judges] D --> E[Faster Disposal? + Filling Vacancies] E --> F[UPSC Relevance: Polity - Judiciary]
| GS-2 | Polity – Judiciary | Appointment and transfer of judges, collegium, pendency
Q. The increase in the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court is a necessary but insufficient response to the pendency crisis. Comment. (10 marks, 150 words)
Framework: Pendency statistics → Reasons for delays (vacancies, infrastructure, case management) → Role of collegium and MoP → Additional measures needed (e-courts, alternative dispute resolution) → Conclusion
Q. Under which Article of the Constitution did the President promulgate the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Ordinance, 2026?
(a) Article 72
(b) Article 123
(c) Article 143
(d) Article 368
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session and immediate action is necessary.
Source
The Hindu: President Murmu promulgates ordinance to increase Supreme Court judge strength
2. NCB Seizes Captagon for First Time Under Operation Ragepill
Why in News?
The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) made India’s first-ever seizure of captagon — 227.7 kg worth approximately Rs 182 crore — and arrested a Syrian national under ‘Operation Ragepill’ on 11-14 May 2026.
– NCB seized 31.5 kg of captagon tablets from a house in Delhi’s Neb Sarai on 11 May, concealed in a commercial chapati cutting machine destined for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (The Hindu, 16 May 2026)
– A follow-up seizure on 14 May at Mundra Port, Gujarat recovered 196 kg of captagon powder from a container imported from Syria, declared as sheep wool
– The arrested Syrian national, Alabras Ahmad, had overstayed his visa since January 2025
– Union Home Minister Amit Shah termed captagon a “jihadi drug” and commended the NCB for busting the syndicate
– This follows another major NCB interdiction of 349 kg cocaine in Mumbai (Operation White Strike, early May 2026)
– Captagon (fenethylline) is a synthetic stimulant that gained notoriety in West Asia, particularly in Syria and Saudi Arabia
– It produces effects similar to amphetamines — increased alertness, euphoria, and reduced appetite — with high abuse and addiction potential
– The UNODC has documented large-scale captagon trafficking from Syria to Gulf states, with the drug fueling conflict economies in the region
– India is increasingly being used as a transit route for West Asian drug syndicates, leveraging its ports and logistics corridors
This seizure marks a significant shift in India’s narcotics threat landscape. Unlike traditional drugs such as heroin (from the Golden Crescent) or cocaine (from South America), captagon represents a West Asian synthetic drug entering Indian transit routes. The concealment methods — first in a chapati machine for air cargo, then in sheep wool consignments via sea — reflect the sophistication of transnational syndicates. The NCB’s success here demonstrates the value of international intelligence sharing. However, the case also highlights vulnerabilities: the accused overstayed his visa for 16 months undetected, and India’s container inspection systems at major ports like Mundra remain porous. As India strengthens its role as a global logistics hub, it must correspondingly bolster its narcotics interdiction capabilities, particularly for synthetic drugs that can be manufactured anywhere.
flowchart LR A[Syria: Captagon Manufactured] --> B[Concealed in Sheep Wool] B --> C[Mundra Port, Gujarat: 196 kg Seized] D[Delhi Neb Sarai House: 31.5 kg] --> E[Saudi Arabia Destination] E --> F[NCB Operation Ragepill] F --> G[International Intel Sharing] G --> H[UPSC: Security - Narcotics Trafficking]
| GS-3 | Internal Security – Narcotics trafficking, transnational organized crime
Q. Discuss the emerging challenges posed by synthetic drug trafficking to India’s internal security. How can international cooperation be strengthened to address this threat? (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Scale of synthetic drug trade → Captagon case study → Vulnerabilities (ports, visa overstay, hawala) → Existing mechanisms (NCB, NDPS Act) → International cooperation (UNODC, bilateral) → Recommendations
Q. ‘Captagon’, recently in news, is a:
(a) New type of cyber malware targeting banking systems
(b) Synthetic stimulant drug trafficked from West Asia
(c) Advanced missile defence system
(d) Crypto-currency used in illegal transactions
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Captagon (fenethylline) is a synthetic amphetamine-type stimulant that has been widely trafficked from Syria to Gulf states, now intercepted for the first time in India by the NCB.
Source
The Hindu: NCB makes first-ever seizure of captagon
3. MeitY National Workshop on Strengthening Cyber Security for State Data
Why in News?
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) organized a National Consultative Workshop on ‘Strengthening Cyber Security Frameworks for State Data’ on 11 May 2026, with participation from all 36 States and UTs.
– The workshop was chaired by MeitY Secretary Shri S. Krishnan and attended by Principal Secretaries and senior officers from all States/UTs, CERT-In, and NIC (PIB, 16 May 2026)
– Secretary Krishnan outlined four foundational requirements: a notified Cyber Security Policy, an empowered CISO, an operational Security Operations Centre (SOC), and a Cyber Crisis Management Plan (CCMP)
– The workshop emphasized Secure by Design — embedding cybersecurity from the earliest stages of application development
– Growing threat of AI-enabled cyber attacks and the need for proactive risk management were highlighted
– Indigenously developed cybersecurity solutions under Aatmanirbhar Bharat were recommended
– India’s digital governance ecosystem has expanded rapidly, with States holding vast amounts of citizen data
– The Information Technology Act, 2000 and the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 provide the overarching framework
– CERT-In is the national nodal agency for cyber security incident response
– Recent cyber attacks on State IT systems have exposed vulnerabilities, particularly in Disaster Recovery and endpoint security
– The Government SOC at NIC serves as the central monitoring hub
– Training platforms include NeGD, ISEA Project, and iGOT Karmayogi
This workshop represents a crucial shift in India’s cyber security strategy — from a Centre-led approach to a federated model where each State must build its own institutional architecture. The emphasis on CISO appointments, SOCs, and CCMPs at the State level reflects the reality that data breaches often occur at the point of service delivery, not at the central level. The mention of AI-enabled attacks is particularly significant — as governments race to adopt AI, the attack surface expands exponentially. The “Secure by Design” principle is critical: too often, security is retrofitted after deployment, leading to vulnerabilities. Aspirants must note the link between digital governance (as part of e-Governance under GS-2) and cyber security (as internal security under GS-3).
mindmap root((Cyber Security for State Data)) Policy Framework Notified Cyber Security Policy Regular Reviews Institutional Structure Empowered CISO State SOC Crisis Management Plan Technical Measures Secure by Design AI-enabled Threat Detection Indigenous Solutions Capacity Building ISEA Project iGOT Karmayogi Cyber Drills
| GS-3 | Security – Cyber security; GS-2 | Governance – e-Governance
Q. “Cybersecurity is not an IT function but a governance imperative.” Discuss the institutional framework India needs to secure citizen data in the digital age. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Scale of digital governance in India → Threat landscape → Current framework (IT Act, CERT-In, NCSP) → State-level gaps → MeitY workshop recommendations → Way forward
Q. CERT-In, the national nodal agency for cyber security, functions under which Ministry?
(a) Ministry of Home Affairs
(b) Ministry of Defence
(c) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(d) Ministry of Communications
Ans: (c)
Explanation: The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) operates under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
Source
PIB: National Consultative Workshop on Strengthening Cyber Security Frameworks
4. Delhi Metro Adds 24 Extra Trips from 18 May
Why in News?
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) introduced 24 additional train trips from 18 May 2026 using six extra trains every Monday to accommodate increased demand and encourage a shift from private vehicles.
– DMRC will run 24 additional trips every Monday starting 18 May, with flexibility to extend to other days as needed (NewKerala/ANI, 17 May 2026)
– Enhanced security measures include additional personnel, ticketing counters, DFMDs, and baggage scanners
– Park-and-ride facilities operational at 126 metro stations across Delhi-NCR
– Digital ticketing via QR codes, NCMC, WhatsApp, Paytm, PhonePe, Amazon, IRCTC, and ONDC
– DMRC Saarthi App provides integrated travel platform booking metro tickets, auto-rickshaws, bike taxis, and smart door-to-door services
– Delhi Metro is the largest metro network in India, spanning over 390 km with 286 stations
– It serves millions of passengers daily across Delhi-NCR, connecting railway stations, ISBTs, and airports
– The DMRC Saarthi App serves about 100,000 passengers daily at 160 stations for last-mile connectivity
– The National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) enables seamless travel across metro, bus, and other transit modes
The DMRC’s capacity expansion reflects the growing demand for public transport in the NCR region. The integration of multiple digital payment platforms — from traditional QR codes to ONDC — demonstrates India’s progress toward interoperable digital public infrastructure. The emphasis on last-mile connectivity through E-autos, bike taxis, and the Saarthi App addresses a critical gap in urban mobility. For UPSC aspirants, this ties into urban governance (GS-2), infrastructure (GS-3), and the broader theme of sustainable urban development.
flowchart TD A[Increased Commuter Demand] --> B[DMRC Adds 24 Extra Trips] B --> C[6 Additional Trains] C --> D[Enhanced Capacity] D --> E[Shift from Private to Public Transport] E --> F[Sustainable Urban Mobility] F --> G[UPSC: Urban Governance + Infrastructure]
| GS-3 | Infrastructure – Urban transport; GS-2 | Governance – Urban development
Q. “Last-mile connectivity remains the weakest link in urban public transport systems in India.” Analyze the steps taken by DMRC to address this challenge. (10 marks, 150 words)
Framework: The problem of last-mile connectivity → DMRC solutions (Saarthi App, E-autos, bike taxis, NCMC) → Digital integration (ONDC, multiple payment platforms) → National lessons → Way forward
Q. The National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is based on which technology?
(a) Near Field Communication (NFC)
(b) RuPay card technology
(c) Blockchain
(d) Bluetooth Low Energy
Ans: (b)
Explanation: NCMC is based on RuPay card technology, enabling seamless interoperability across metro, bus, and other transit systems.
Source
NewKerala/ANI: Delhi Metro Adds 24 Extra Trips
5. India Rejects Hague Arbitration Ruling on Indus Treaty Projects
Why in News?
India has rejected a ruling by the Hague-based Court of Arbitration regarding hydroelectric projects in Jammu and Kashmir, which Pakistan had objected to under the Indus Waters Treaty.
– The arbitration ruling concerned Indian hydroelectric projects on western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) in Jammu and Kashmir (Outlook India, 17 May 2026)
– India maintains its position that the projects are fully compliant with the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960
– The treaty, brokered by the World Bank, allocates eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and western rivers to Pakistan, with certain Indian rights for non-consumptive use
– India insists its decision to maintain the treaty remains in effect
– The dispute resolution mechanism under the treaty includes a three-step process: bilateral talks → technical expert → neutral expert/court of arbitration
– The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank
– It allocates the waters of six rivers divided into eastern (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej — allotted to India) and western (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab — allotted to Pakistan)
– India has the right to use the western rivers for non-consumptive purposes including hydroelectric power generation, subject to design constraints
– The treaty is considered one of the most successful water-sharing agreements globally, having survived three wars
– In 2023, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in a separate case concerning the Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects
This is a significant development in India-Pakistan relations and international water law. The Indus Waters Treaty has been repeatedly tested — during the 2016 Uri attacks, there were calls in India to abrogate the treaty. India’s rejection of the arbitration ruling while still maintaining the treaty reflects a calibrated approach: asserting sovereignty over river waters while not completely abandoning the treaty framework. The key legal question is whether the dispute should go to a neutral expert (India’s preference) or a court of arbitration (Pakistan’s preference). Aspirants must understand the distinction: neutral experts provide technical interpretation, while courts of arbitration engage in legal adjudication with potentially broader implications.
flowchart TD
A[India builds hydro projects in J&K] --> B[Pakistan objects under Indus Treaty]
B --> C[Hague Court of Arbitration Ruling]
C --> D{India Rejects Ruling}
D --> E[Maintains Treaty Membership]
D --> F[Assert Sovereignty on Design]
E --> G[Neutral Expert vs Court of Arbitration]
G --> H[UPSC: IR - Water Sharing + International Law]| GS-2 | International Relations – India-Pakistan, Water sharing; GS-1 | Geography – River systems
Q. The Indus Waters Treaty, often described as one of the most successful water-sharing agreements, is facing new stresses. Discuss the challenges and the way forward. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Treaty structure and allocation → Emerging challenges (climate change, hydro projects, population growth) → Dispute resolution mechanisms → India’s strategic calculus → Recommendations for treaty modernization
Q. Under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), which of the following rivers are allocated to India for unrestricted use?
(a) Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
(b) Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
(c) Indus, Ravi, Sutlej
(d) Chenab, Beas, Jhelum
Ans: (b)
Explanation: The eastern rivers — Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej — are allocated to India for unrestricted use. The western rivers — Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab — are allocated to Pakistan, with India permitted limited non-consumptive use.
Source
Outlook India: India Rejects Hague Arbitration Ruling
6. Government Doubles Import Duty on Gold and Silver
Why in News?
The Indian government doubled the effective import duty on gold and silver from 9.2% to 18.4% through two notifications issued late on 12 May 2026, effective from 13 May.
– Customs duty on gold/silver hiked to 10% and Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess (AIDC) to 5%, making the effective rate including IGST ~18.4% (The Hindu, 13 May 2026)
– This follows PM Modi’s exhortation to reduce gold purchases to protect India’s foreign exchange reserves
– India imported $71.9 billion of gold in 2025-26 (up 24% YoY) and $12 billion of silver (up ~150% YoY)
– Industry warns the move will encourage smuggling rather than curb demand, given the cultural attachment to gold
– The Jewellery Export Promotion Council expressed concern over negative impact on exports and employment
– Gold jewellery imports increased by 146% in 2025-26 to $6.5 billion
– India is the world’s second-largest gold consumer after China, with demand driven by cultural, religious, and investment factors
– Gold imports are a major component of India’s current account deficit (CAD)
– Previous attempts to curb gold imports through duty hikes (2013) had limited success and led to smuggling
– The government has also tightened silver import rules recently
– The effective duty calculation includes: Basic Customs Duty (10%) + AIDC (5%) + IGST (3%) = ~18.4%
The government’s decision reflects a tension between macroeconomic management and market realities. On one hand, with gold imports of $71.9 billion putting pressure on the rupee and forex reserves, the policy intent is understandable. On the other hand, gold demand in India is deeply inelastic — cultural and religious factors mean price increases rarely reduce demand significantly, instead redirecting it to the grey market. The 2013 experience is instructive: duty hikes led to a surge in smuggling through Dubai and Sri Lanka routes. The GTRI’s criticism of the notifications being “very difficult to understand” also undermines the government’s stated goal of improving ease of doing business. Aspirants must view this as a classic case of the trade-off between BOP management and fiscal/trade policy efficiency.
pie title Gold Import Duty Composition "Customs Duty 10%" : 10 "AIDC 5%" : 5 "IGST 3%" : 3 "Other Charges" : 0.4
| GS-3 | Economy – Fiscal policy, Trade, Current Account Deficit
Q. “Hiking import duties on gold is a blunt instrument that often backfires.” Critically examine this statement in the context of India’s recent gold import duty hike. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: BOP context → Gold import data → Duty hike rationale → Inelastic demand and smuggling → 2013 experience → GTRI critique → Alternative measures (gold bonds, monetization) → Conclusion
Q. India’s imports of gold in 2025-26 stood at approximately:
(a) $35 billion
(b) $52 billion
(c) $72 billion
(d) $90 billion
Ans: (c)
Explanation: According to Ministry of Commerce data, India imported $71.9 billion worth of gold in 2025-26, up 24% from the previous year.
Source
The Hindu: Government doubles import duty on gold & silver
7. EOW Busts Fake GST Rackets Worth Rs 140 Crore
Why in News?
The Delhi Police Economic Offences Wing (EOW) arrested eight persons, including a chartered accountant, for operating two separate fake GST rackets involving transactions worth over Rs 140 crore.
– Case 1: CA Atul Gupta used his firm to fraudulently claim Input Tax Credit (ITC) through bogus GST returns via shell companies (Indian Express, 17 May 2026)
– Case 2: A man promised a GST department job allowed his Aadhaar, PAN, and biometrics to be used to float a fake company with Rs 128 crore in fraudulent transactions
– The syndicate relied on accountants, intermediaries, multiple bank accounts, and disposable mobile numbers to conceal the financial trail
– Raids were conducted across Delhi-NCR on 15 May 2026
– EOW investigation revealed fake GST registrations, bogus invoices without actual supply of goods, and fraudulent ITC claims of nearly Rs 10 crore
– GST was introduced in India on 1 July 2017 under the Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2016
– Input Tax Credit (ITC) is a mechanism where businesses can claim credit for tax paid on inputs, reducing cascading taxation
– Fake ITC claims have emerged as a major revenue leakage, with the government tightening compliance through e-invoicing, e-way bills, and real-time data matching
– Section 16 of the CGST Act provides for ITC, subject to conditions including receipt of goods/services and furnishing of returns
– Offences under GST include: fraudulent ITC claims, issuing invoices without supply, and false registrations
The EOW’s crackdown reveals the sophisticated mechanisms used to defraud the GST system. The use of a CA firm lends credibility to shell companies, making detection harder. The second case — where a job aspirant’s biometrics were used to create a shell firm — highlights the vulnerability of Aadhaar-enabled identity systems when citizens are careless with their credentials. The cumulative revenue loss from fake ITC claims runs into thousands of crores, undermining the very purpose of GST — to create a seamless, transparent indirect tax regime. The government’s response has been technological: e-invoicing, real-time return matching, and AI-based anomaly detection. However, as these cases show, human collusion remains a challenge.
flowchart TD A[Shell Companies Created] --> B[Fake GST Registrations] B --> C[Bogus Invoices Without Supply] C --> D[Fraudulent ITC Claims] D --> E[Rs 140 Crore Revenue Leakage] E --> F[EOW Investigation + Arrests] F --> G[UPSC: Economy - GST & Tax Compliance]
| GS-3 | Economy – Taxation, GST; GS-2 | Governance – Anti-corruption
Q. Fake Input Tax Credit claims have emerged as a major challenge for GST implementation in India. Analyze the measures taken to curb this menace and suggest further reforms. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Scale of the problem → EOW case illustration → Existing measures (e-invoicing, e-way bills, return matching, AI) → Gaps (human collusion, shell companies) → Recommendations
Q. Input Tax Credit (ITC) under GST is governed by which section of the CGST Act?
(a) Section 9
(b) Section 16
(c) Section 24
(d) Section 35
Ans: (b)
Explanation: Section 16 of the CGST Act, 2017 provides for eligibility and conditions for claiming Input Tax Credit, including receipt of goods/services and furnishing of returns.
Source
Indian Express: EOW busts fake GST rackets worth Rs 140 cr
8. Fire in Rajdhani Express in Madhya Pradesh’s Ratlam District
Why in News?
A fire broke out in the Thiruvananthapuram–Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express early morning of 17 May 2026 in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh, disrupting Mumbai-Delhi rail traffic.
– The fire was detected at 5:15 am in the B-1 air-conditioned coach between Vikramgarh Alot and Lunirichha stations, later spreading to the luggage-cum-guard coach (Times of India, 17 May 2026)
– All 68 passengers were safely evacuated within minutes with no casualties reported
– Railway authorities cut off overhead electric supply and detached the affected coaches
– Five railway staff were injured when a van carrying repair equipment overturned en route
– Services of 5-10 trains were affected; Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) team deployed for investigation
– West Central Railway announced a detailed investigation into the cause
– Indian Railways operates over 13,000 passenger trains daily, carrying 23 million passengers
– Rajdhani Express trains are premium, fully air-conditioned long-distance services with limited stops
– Fire safety in trains has been a concern: the 2019 fire in a coach near Lucknow and the 2013 fire in the Bangalore–Nanded Express led to enhanced safety protocols
– Railways have installed fire detection and suppression systems in AC coaches, but implementation remains incomplete
– The Commission of Railway Safety (CRS) is the statutory body investigating railway accidents
A fire in a premier train like the Rajdhani Express raises serious questions about passenger safety in Indian Railways. The prompt evacuation (all 68 passengers safe within minutes) reflects improved crew training. However, the disruption to the Mumbai-Delhi corridor — the busiest rail route in India — for several hours reveals infrastructure vulnerabilities. The injury to five railway staff during restoration work adds a human dimension. The FSL investigation will determine whether this was a technical failure (electrical short circuit, AC malfunction) or human negligence. For UPSC aspirants, this links to infrastructure safety (GS-3), disaster management (GS-3), and the broader theme of public service delivery.
gantt title Rail Fire Incident Timeline (17 May 2026) dateFormat HH:mm axisFormat %H:%M section Incident Fire Detected in B-1 Coach :crit, 05:15, 10m Passengers Evacuated :done, 05:15, 15m Power Cut Off :active, 05:20, 10m section Response Fire Brigade Called : 05:30, 20m Coaches Detached : 05:45, 30m FSL Investigation Starts : 10:00, 60m section Impact Train Services Disrupted :crit, 05:15, 360m Restoration Work : 06:00, 480m
| GS-3 | Infrastructure – Railways, Safety; Disaster Management
Q. Despite being the lifeline of the nation, Indian Railways continues to grapple with safety challenges. Discuss the major safety concerns and the measures taken to address them. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Railways’ significance → Types of accidents (fire, collision, derailment) → Recent incidents → Safety measures (Kavach, fire detection, CRS oversight) → Challenges (aging infrastructure, funding) → Way forward
Q. The statutory authority responsible for investigating railway accidents in India is the:
(a) Railway Board
(b) Commission of Railway Safety
(c) National Transportation Safety Board
(d) Ministry of Railways Investigation Wing
Ans: (b)
Explanation: The Commission of Railway Safety (CRS) is the statutory body under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that investigates serious railway accidents in India.
Source
Times of India: Fire in Rajdhani Express
9. Dam Rehabilitation: Strengthening Infrastructure under DRIP
Why in News?
The government highlighted the progress of the Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) Phase II and III on 15 May 2026, with rehabilitation proposals approved for 191 dams worth Rs 5,053 crore across 19 states.
– DRIP Phase II and III total outlay is Rs 10,211 crore (Phase II: Rs 5,107 crore; Phase III: Rs 5,104 crore), with Rs 7,000 crore as external financing from World Bank and AIIB (PIB, 15 May 2026)
– 736 dams are covered across 19 states and three central agencies
– Major dams include Bhakra (HP), Ranjit Sagar (Punjab), Nagarjuna Sagar (Telangana), Gandhi Sagar (MP), and Kadana (Gujarat)
– Total expenditure up to March 2025: Rs 2,225 crore; physical works completed at 43 dams
– The Dam Safety Act, 2021 provides the statutory framework, establishing a four-tier institutional mechanism: NCDS, NDSA, SCDS, SDSO
– India has 6,628 specified dams registered under the Dam Safety Act, 2021
– The Dam Safety Act was enacted on 30 December 2021 following the 2019 Kerala floods that highlighted dam safety concerns
– DRIP Phase I (2012-2021) was implemented with World Bank assistance
– The DHARMA (Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring Application) portal provides real-time monitoring
– Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) are mandatory for all specified dams
India’s dam safety framework has evolved significantly. The Dam Safety Act, 2021 established a comprehensive legal basis for what was previously handled through administrative guidelines. The four-tier institutional mechanism — from the National Committee to State Dam Safety Organizations — creates accountability but also depends on State capacity for implementation. The co-financing by World Bank and AIIB (Rs 7,000 crore) reflects international confidence in India’s dam safety program. However, only 43 out of 736 dams have completed physical rehabilitation works, indicating the scale of the challenge. With climate change increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, dam safety is not just an infrastructure issue but a disaster risk reduction imperative.
mindmap root((Dam Safety in India)) Legal Framework Dam Safety Act 2021 Four-Tier Mechanism Institutional NCDS - Apex NDSA - Regulatory SCDS - State SDSO - Implementation DRIP Program Phase I: 2012-2021 Phase II: ongoing Phase III: planned Key Stats 6,628 Specified Dams 736 Dams Under DRIP Rs 10,211 Cr Outlay UPSC Relevance GS-3 Infrastructure Disaster Management
| GS-3 | Infrastructure – Water resources, Disaster Management
Q. The Dam Safety Act, 2021 is a significant step toward ensuring the safety of India’s aging dam infrastructure. Critically evaluate its provisions and implementation challenges. (15 marks, 250 words)
Framework: Dam infrastructure in India → Need for dam safety regulation → Dam Safety Act provisions → Four-tier mechanism → DRIP program → Implementation challenges (state capacity, funding, climate change) → Way forward
Q. Which of the following is the apex body under the Dam Safety Act, 2021?
(a) National Dam Safety Authority
(b) National Committee on Dam Safety
(c) Central Water Commission
(d) State Dam Safety Organization
Ans: (b)
Explanation: The National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS) is the apex body under the Dam Safety Act, 2021, with the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) as the regulatory and implementing arm.
Source
PIB: Dam Rehabilitation – Strengthening Infrastructure
10. MoSPI Revises GDP Data Release to June 7
Why in News?
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) revised the release schedule for provisional GDP estimates and Q4 data to June 7 annually, moving from the last working day of May, with the FY26 provisional GDP and Q4FY26 data to be released on 5 June 2026.
– The change follows consultations with the Advisory Committee on National Accounts Statistics (ACNAS) (Economic Times, 13 May 2026)
– Several datasets become available only after a delay of up to two months, including audited Q4 financial results of listed companies (due 60 days after FY-end)
– Central government fiscal data for March (revenue expenditure, capex) is finalized only after a two-month lag
– The new National Industrial Classification (NIC-2025) aligns with ISIC Revision 5
– CPI base year revised to 2024=100 and GDP base year to 2022-23 (released February 2026)
– IIP base revision to 2022-23 is planned for May 2026 release
– GDP estimates in India follow a revision cycle: Provisional Estimates (PE) → First Revised (RE) → Second Revised → Final
– The base year for GDP was revised from 2011-12 to 2022-23 in February 2026
– CPI base was revised from 2012=100 to 2024=100 simultaneously
– The National Statistics Office (NSO) under MoSPI is responsible for GDP compilation
– The Advisory Committee on National Accounts Statistics (ACNAS) advises on methodological improvements
While this appears to be a minor administrative change, the revision of the GDP release date has significant implications. Data quality is the primary concern: moving the deadline by about a week allows for better incorporation of Q4 corporate results and March fiscal data. However, it also delays the availability of a key economic indicator by a week, which matters for policymaking and market sentiment. The broader context — the comprehensive revision of GDP and CPI base years — represents India’s efforts to align national accounts with international standards (SNA 2008, ISIC Rev 5). For UPSC aspirants, understanding these statistical revisions is crucial for economic data interpretation.
flowchart LR A[FY Ends: 31 March] --> B[Corporates File Results within 60 Days] B --> C[Govt Fiscal Data Finalized with 2-month Lag] C --> D[Old Schedule: Last Working Day of May] D --> E[New Schedule: June 7 (June 5 for FY26)] E --> F[Improved Data Quality] F --> G[UPSC: Economy - National Accounts]
| GS-3 | Economy – National Income, Statistical Systems
Q. The revision of base years for GDP and CPI is a critical exercise in ensuring the accuracy of macroeconomic statistics. Discuss the recent base year revisions and their significance. (10 marks, 150 words)
Framework: Need for base year revision → Recent revisions (GDP: 2022-23, CPI: 2024) → Impact on data interpretation → International alignment (SNA 2008, ISIC Rev 5) → Significance for policymaking
Q. India’s provisional GDP estimates for a financial year are released by which organization?
(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) National Statistics Office
(c) Reserve Bank of India
(d) NITI Aayog
Ans: (b)
Explanation: The National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is responsible for releasing GDP estimates.
Source
Economic Times: GDP data release revised to June 7
Prelims Fact sheet Table
| # | Topic | Key Fact | GS Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SC Judge Strength | Increased from 34 to 38 via ordinance under Art. 123 | GS-2 |
| 2 | Captagon Seizure | NCB seized 227.7 kg (Rs 182 cr) under Operation Ragepill | GS-3 |
| 3 | Cyber Security Workshop | MeitY: 4 requirements for States – Policy, CISO, SOC, CCMP | GS-3 |
| 4 | Delhi Metro | 24 extra trips from 18 May using 6 additional trains | GS-3 |
| 5 | Indus Treaty | India rejects Hague arbitration ruling on J&K hydro projects | GS-2 |
| 6 | Gold Import Duty | Doubled from 9.2% to 18.4%; imports $71.9 bn in FY26 | GS-3 |
| 7 | Fake GST Rackets | EOW arrests 8; Rs 140 crore fraudulent ITC claims | GS-3 |
| 8 | Rajdhani Fire | Fire in Thiruvananthapuram-Hazrat Nizamuddin Express; all 68 safe | GS-3 |
| 9 | Dam Safety | DRIP Phase II/III: Rs 10,211 cr for 736 dams across 19 states | GS-3 |
| 10 | GDP Release Date | Revised to June 7; FY26 provisional data on 5 June | GS-3 |
FAQs
Q1. What is the current sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court of India?
The Supreme Court now has a sanctioned strength of 38 judges, including the Chief Justice of India. This was increased from 34 through the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Ordinance, 2026 promulgated by President Droupadi Murmu on 16 May 2026. The ordinance amended Section 2 of the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956. The increase is aimed at addressing the pendency crisis, with over 93,000 cases currently pending in the apex court. The last such increase was in 2019, when the strength was raised from 31 to 34. The ordinance requires parliamentary approval within six weeks of reassembly.
Q2. What is captagon and why is its seizure in India significant?
Captagon (fenethylline) is a synthetic amphetamine-type stimulant that has been widely abused in West Asia, particularly in Syria and Gulf countries. The NCB’s first-ever seizure of 227.7 kg (worth Rs 182 crore) in India under Operation Ragepill marks a significant expansion of the country’s narcotics threat landscape. The contraband was concealed in a chapati cutting machine destined for Saudi Arabia and in sheep wool consignments at Mundra Port. Union Home Minister Amit Shah termed it a “jihadi drug.” The seizure demonstrates India’s emerging role as a transit route for West Asian drug syndicates, highlighting the need for stronger port security and international intelligence cooperation.
Q3. What are the four foundational requirements for State cyber security as outlined by MeitY?
MeitY Secretary S. Krishnan outlined four requirements: (i) a formally notified Cyber Security Policy, periodically reviewed; (ii) an appointed and empowered Chief Information Security Officer (CISO); (iii) an operational State Security Operations Centre (SOC) integrated with the Government SOC at NIC; and (iv) a Cyber Crisis Management Plan (CCMP) deployed and tested across all departments. The workshop also emphasized the “Secure by Design” principle, AI-enabled threat detection, and preference for indigenously developed cybersecurity solutions under Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
Q4. What additional services is DMRC introducing from 18 May 2026?
DMRC introduced 24 additional train trips using 6 extra trains every Monday starting 18 May, with flexibility to extend to other days. Enhanced security measures include additional personnel, ticketing counters, and baggage scanners. Last-mile options serve about 100,000 passengers daily at 160 stations through the DMRC Saarthi App. Digital ticketing is available via QR codes, National Common Mobility Card (NCMC), WhatsApp, Paytm, PhonePe, and ONDC. Park-and-ride facilities are operational at 126 metro stations across Delhi-NCR.
Q5. Why did India reject the Hague arbitration ruling on the Indus Waters Treaty?
India rejected the Hague-based Court of Arbitration ruling concerning Indian hydroelectric projects in Jammu and Kashmir. India maintains its projects are fully compliant with the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960. The dispute centers on whether objections should be resolved by a neutral expert (India’s preference, limited to technical interpretation) or a court of arbitration (Pakistan’s preference, involving legal adjudication). While rejecting the specific ruling, India continues to remain a party to the treaty, which has survived three India-Pakistan wars.
Q6. What is the new effective import duty on gold in India?
The effective import duty on gold has been doubled from 9.2% to approximately 18.4%. This comprises: Basic Customs Duty raised to 10%, Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess (AIDC) raised to 5%, plus IGST at 3%. The government issued two notifications late on 12 May 2026, effective 13 May. Industry experts warn that given the inelastic demand for gold in India, the hike will likely increase smuggling rather than reduce imports. India imported $71.9 billion of gold in 2025-26.
Q7. How do fake GST rackets defraud the exchequer?
Fake GST rackets operate through shell companies that: obtain fraudulent GST registrations using stolen or misused identity documents; generate bogus invoices without any actual supply of goods or services; claim and pass on fraudulent Input Tax Credit (ITC); and route funds through multiple bank accounts using disposable mobile numbers to conceal the trail. The Delhi EOW’s recent crackdown uncovered two such rackets involving Rs 140 crore, with eight arrests including a chartered accountant.
Q8. What safety measures are in place for Indian Railways passenger trains?
Indian Railways has implemented several safety measures including: fire detection and suppression systems in AC coaches; the Kavach (automatic train protection) system being deployed across high-density routes; regular safety audits by the Commission of Railway Safety; helpline number 139 for passenger assistance; and emergency response protocols including coach detachment and power cutoff procedures. The recent Rajdhani Express fire in Ratlam district demonstrated effective evacuation with all 68 passengers safe, though service disruption and staff injuries highlighted ongoing challenges.
Q9. What is the Dam Safety Act, 2021 and its four-tier institutional mechanism?
The Dam Safety Act, 2021 provides a comprehensive statutory framework for surveillance, inspection, and safety of specified dams (over 15m height or 10-15m with specific criteria). It establishes a four-tier mechanism: (i) National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS) — apex policy body; (ii) National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) — regulatory and implementing arm; (iii) State Committees on Dam Safety (SCDS); and (iv) State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSO) — field implementation. India has 6,628 specified dams registered under the DHARMA portal.
Q10. Why was the GDP release date revised from May to June?
MoSPI revised the release date for provisional GDP estimates from the last working day of May to June 7 (or June 5 for FY26) following consultations with ACNAS. The change was necessitated because several datasets — including audited Q4 financial results of listed companies (due 60 days post-FY-end) and March fiscal data of the central government — become available only after a two-month lag. The extra week allows for better data incorporation, improving the accuracy of the first GDP estimate.
Previous Year Links
- UPSC 2023: The “Collegium System” of appointment of judges in the Supreme Court has come under criticism. Discuss the issues involved and suggest reforms. (GS-2)
- UPSC 2022: Discuss the role of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act in combating financial crimes in India. (GS-3)
- UPSC 2021: Explain the mechanism of GST and its impact on the Indian economy. (GS-3)
- UPSC 2020: Discuss the importance of dam safety in India and the provisions of the Dam Safety Act. (GS-3)
- UPSC 2019: Indus Waters Treaty has been a successful water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan. Discuss the challenges it faces today. (GS-2)
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Devendra Upadhyay
Devendra Upadhyay is a UPSC mentor and the founder of Soham IAS. With years of experience guiding civil services aspirants, he specialises in helping working professionals and first-generation learners build structured, self-directed preparation strategies. His PACE Method framework — Plan, Absorb, Consolidate, Execute — has helped hundreds of aspirants bring clarity and consistency to their UPSC journey. He offers limited 1-on-1 mentorship sessions through Soham IAS.
